A former Speech and Language Pathologist for nearly 20 years, I began educating our 3 children full-time in 2015 and have cherished every gifted moment (even the challenges). But what is interwoven into all aspects of daily life (as a wife, via motherhood, teaching, friendship, fitness, etc.) is Christian Apologetics (1 Peter 3:15)… which is why this blog exists.
“It is necessary that the Son of Man suffer many things and be rejected by the elders, chief priests, and scribes, be killed, and be raised the third day.” – Jesus (Luke 9) 📕
“And behold, the curtain of the temple was torn in two, from top to bottom. And the earth shook, and the rocks were split. The tombs also were opened. And many bodies of the saints who had fallen asleep were raised, and coming out of the tombs after his resurrection they went into the holy city and appeared to many.” Matthew 27:51-53 📕
“In this is love, not that we have loved God but that he loved us and sent his Son to be the propitiation for our sins.” 1 John 4:10 📕
But even if someone ignores the eyewitness accounts compiled within the New Testament, he or she would still have a “robust description of Jesus and his followers from ancient, non-Christian voices in the fallout…(ninety-two historical figures).” [1]
Possibly the earliest *non-Christian* reference to Jesus and his crucifixion comes from a Samaritan historian named Thallus around AD 50. And while Thallus’s writings are no longer with us, a portion of his work was quoted by historian Sextus Julius Africanus.
Here is a passage from Thallus’s original account:
“On the whole world there pressed a most fearful darkness; and the rocks were rent by an earthquake, and many places in Judea and other districts were thrown down. This darkness Thallus, in the third book of his History, calls, as appears to me without reason, an eclipse of the sun.” [2]
Jesus’s crucifixion upon a Roman cross in AD 30 or 33, combined with the empty tomb he left behind (April 5th), is not mythology. Nor is it just “true for me.” As J. Gresham Machen articulated so succinctly, “‘Christ died,’ that is history; ‘Christ died for my sins’, that is doctrine.“ [3]
Instead, these are real historical events that can be examined thoughtfully. These God-given events provide even more evidence of His good character, steadfast Justice, and faithful love. What God has done on our behalf is the greatest gift ever given (Ge 3:15; Isaiah 53; 1 Cor 15)!
The identity of Isaiah 53’s Suffering Servant has been fervently debated by various scholars and theologians for centuries!
Christians assert that proper exegesis of Isaiah 53 points to a person, Jesus of Nazareth, as the Suffering Servant who redeems Israel and the Gentile nations. Whereas others view Isaiah 53 as representing the (corporate) nation of Israel, claiming Jesus was merely a good teacher, crucified for the charge of blasphemy (identifying Himself as one with the Father). As we can see, both could be wrong, but neither could be correct simultaneously.
It’s my genuine prayer that this post will be a helpful resource for anyone having questions about this incredibly important topic!
Written nearly 700 years before Jesus’ crucifixion (AD 30 or 33):
“Yet he himself bore our sicknesses, and he carried our pains; but we in turn regarded him stricken, struck down by God, and afflicted. 5 But he was pierced because of our rebellion, crushed because of our iniquities; punishment for our peace was on him, and we are healed by his wounds. 6 We all went astray like sheep; we all have turned to our own way; and the Lord has punished him for the iniquity of us all.” (Isaiah 53:4-6)
Written approximately 30 years after Jesus’s crucifixion and bodily resurrection:
“He did not commit sin, and no deceit was found in his mouth; 23 when he was insulted, he did not insult in return; when he suffered, he did not threaten but entrusted himself to the one who judges justly. 24 He himself bore our sins in his body on the tree; so that, having died to sins, we might live for righteousness. By his wounds you have been healed. 25 For you were like sheep going astray, but you have now returned to the Shepherd and Overseer of your souls.” (1 Peter 2:22-25)
Who wrote Isaiah?
“The author of this book claims to be Isaiah, son of Amos. He was a great poet, orator, and statesman. Isaiah was highly educated, knowledgeable in international affairs, and on familiar terms with the royal court. He was no doubt the greatest of the writing prophets both in the extent and comprehensiveness of his message and in his ability to communicate.” (pgs 244-245)
When was Isaiah written?
The book of Luke was written between 740 and 690 BC (nearly 700 years before Jesus’s crucifixion in AD 30 or 33). During the reigns of Jotham, Ahaz, Hezekiah, and Manasseh. (p. 231) Isaiah wrote from Judah. Judah was “located in southern Palestine. Its capital was Jerusalem, where throughout the book, Isaiah centered his activity.” (p. 245)
General Details about the Book of Isaiah
“In many aspects, Isaiah is a miniature Bible. It has sixty-six chapters; the Bible has 66 books. The first thirty-nine chapters correspond to the thirty-nine books of the Old Testament, speaking largely about Israel before the coming Messiah. The last twenty-seven chapters parallel the New Testament, speaking largely about the Messiah and His messianic kingdom. Isaiah is one of the Old Testament books most quoted in the New Testament.” (p. 243)
“The earliest manuscripts of Isaiah discovered among the Dead Sea Scrolls support the fact that Isaiah is one complete and whole book.”
“At the heart of the critic’s objection is their aversion to the fact that Isaiah contains supernatural predictive prophecy. For example, parts of Isaiah name Cyrus (who became king of Persia) more than one hundred fifty years before he lived (44:28; 45:1). But no one who believes in a God who created this world should have any problem believing that He can reveal the future in advance.” (p. 244)
To whom was Isaiah written?
“Isaiah as a prophet ministered primarily to the southern kingdom of Judah. His message was generally directed toward Judah’s sinful people (1:4) and particularly to is eveil leaders (1:23).” (p. 245)
Why was Isaiah written?
“The historical Purpose: “Isaiah was sent by God to warn Judah of the sins that lead ot Israel’s downfall, and ot warn of the evil that would lead to their own. His message to them was twofold: God will bring condemnation on Israel and Judah through thenations but He will also one day provide salvation through Israel and Judah to the nations.”
“I will put hostility between you and the woman,and between your offspring and her offspring.He will strike your head,and you will strike his heel.” (Genesis 3:15)
“I will bless those who bless you,I will curse anyone who treats you with contempt,and all the peoples on earthwill be blessed through you.” (Genesis 12:3)
“Now the promises were spoken to Abraham and to his seed. He does not say “and to seeds,” as though referring to many, but referring to one, and to your seed, who is Christ.” (Galatians 3:16)
“The doctrinal purpose: This book comprehends all the great truths of the Old Testament regarding the salvation from man’s sin (1) through Christi’s redemptive work (53) as well as the final glorious restoration of this earth (65).”
“The Christological purpose: Isaiah presents the most complete and comprehensive descriptions of Christ found in the Old Testament. For example, Christ is referred to as the “Lord…high and lifted up” (6); the son of the virgin (7:14); the “Wonderful Counselor, Mighty God, Everyloasting Father, Prince of Peace” 9:6); a Branch from Jesse and Anointed of the Lord (11:1, 2); the “Compfro” of His people (40); the “Rdeemer” and the “Holy Oneof Hsrael” and their Crator and King (43); the Deliverer of the camptives (61) and more.”
“The message of Isaiah is one of salvation both for Israel in particular and for all nations in general. The book has been called “The Gospel According ot Isaiah.” The book may be divided into three sections: the prophetic (1-35), the historic (36-39), and the messianic (40-66).” (pgs. 245-246)
Was Isaiah 53 referring to the nation of Israel or to the promised Messiah (Jesus)?
📌 Jesus’s Crucifixion occurred in AD 30 or 33.
“The national servant, Israel, is loved by God but guilty, blind, and deaf, suffering for its own sins. The individual Servant is righteous, suffering vicariously for the sins of others. This agrees with the Sinai theology of blessings for national obedience and curses for national disobedience (Lv 26; Dt 28). In light of this, righteous, nbational Isreael wouldbe established in the land, triumphing over her enemies; unrighteous Israel would be exiled ot the nations, vanquished by her enemies. In other words, Daniel, while in Babylonian captivity, uttered, “All Israel has transgressed your law and turned aside, rfulsing ot obey your voice. And the curse and oath that are written in the Law of Moses, the servant of God has been poured out upon us, because we have sinned against him” (Daniel 9:11). Under no circumstances, then, would the Lord exile Israel if they were righteous as a people. Thus, Isaiah 53 cannot apply to the nation of Israel, regardless of Longstanding Jewish tradition.
Could Isa 53 instead apply to the rightwoud remnant, as posited by some rabbinic commentators? The voice of that remnannt appear sot be heard in passages like Ps 44, where the author protests that terrible calamities have come upon his people “though we have not forgotten you, and we have not been false to your covenant” (Ps 44:17 ESV).
Certainly, there were righteous individuals like Daniel and Ezekiel who suffered in exile because of the guilt of the nation as a whole. Yet once again, this interpretation breaks down since: (1) The suffering of hte righteous remnant did not bring healing to the nations which, instead, were severely judged by the Lord for their excessive treament of Israel (Jer 50:17-18; Mic 5:5-6); (2) In contrast to Ibn Exra’s view, that ht e”healing” of the nations came through exiled Isrel’s prayers for their wellbeing (Jer 29:7), not only were those nations note healed, but it appears tha tht erighteous remnant interveded for judgement (rather than healing) to come upon their enemies. See, e.g., Lam 1:22 and 3:61-66, and note that this righteous remnant identitfied with the sin and gilt of the rest of hte nation of Isreal, thereby recognizing that their suffering was just; (3) Since the servant is clealy an individual elsewhere in teh Isa 40-55, adn since Isa 53 reads most naturally as personal rather than collective, there is no good reason to apply it to the righteous remnant, unless that remnant is reduced otone, namely, the Messiah, the ruly righteous One whose vicarious suffereing brings healing to the repentant Isreal and the nations.” [1]
“When Israel saw the great power that the Lord used against the Egyptians, the people feared the Lord and believed in him and in his servant Moses.” Exodus 14:31
“So Moses the servant of the Lord died there in the land of Moab, according to the Lord’s word.” Deuteronomy 34:5
“After the death of Moses the Lord’s servant, the Lord spoke to Joshua son of Nun, Moses’s assistant: ‘Moses my servant is dead.’” Joshua 1:1-2
“The Lord your God will raise up for you a prophet like me from among you, from your brothers—it is to him you shall listen— just as you desired of the Lord your God at Horeb on the day of the assembly, when you said, ‘Let me not hear again the voice of the Lord my God or see this great fire any more, lest I die.’ And the Lord said to me, ‘They are right in what they have spoken. I will raise up for them a prophet like you from among their brothers. And I will put my words in his mouth, and he shall speak to them all that I command him. And whoever will not listen to my words that he shall speak in my name, I myself will require it of him.” Deuteronomy 18:15:19
As we can see in the entire context of Isaiah 53, the Servant is a righteous person of Jewish descent, sent by God to save both Israel and the Gentile nations. For more information pertaining to Isaiah 53 and the Suffering Servant, this video resource by Nate Sala from Wise Disciple is an excellent resource!
34 minutes with Nate Sala
Isaiah 52:13 to Isaiah 53:12
OT & NT Connections to Isaiah 52 & 53
Isaiah 52:13 See, my servant will be successful; He will be raised and lifted up and greatly exalted.
Isaiah 42:1 CSB“This is my servant; I strengthen him, this is my chosen one; I delight in him. I have put my…
Isaiah 49:3-7He said to me, “You are my servant, Israel, in whom I will be glorified.” But I myself said: I…
Isaiah 50:10Who among you fears the Lord and listens to his servant? Who among you walks in darkness, and…
Isaiah 53:11After his anguish, he will see light and be satisfied. By his knowledge, my righteous servant…
Ezekiel 34:23-24 CSBI will establish over them one shepherd, my servant David, and he will shepherd them. He will…
Zechariah 3:8 CSB“Listen, High Priest Joshua, you and your colleagues sitting before you; indeed, these men are a…
Acts 3:13 CSB“The God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, the God of our ancestors, has glorified his servant Jesus, whom you handed over and denied before Pilate, though he had decided to release him.”
Isaiah 52:14 “Just as many were appalled at you — His appearance was so disfigured that he did not look like a man, and his form did not resemble a human being—”
John 19:1 “Then Pilate had Jesus flogged with a lead-tipped whip.”
Matthew 27:29 “and twisting together a crown of thorns, they put it on his head and put a reed in his right hand. And kneeling before him, they mocked him, saying, “Hail, King of the Jews!”
Mark 15:19 “And they were striking his head with a reed and spitting on him and kneeling down in homage to him.”
Isaiah 52:15 “So he will sprinkle many nations. Kings will shut their mouths because of him, for they will see what had not been told them, and they will understand what they had not heard.”
Numbers 19:18-21“A person who is clean is to take hyssop, dip it in the water, and sprinkle the tent, all the…”
Ezekiel 36:25 “I will also sprinkle clean water on you, and you will be clean. I will cleanse you from all your…”
Isaiah 53:1 “Who has believed what we have heard? And to whom has the arm of the Lord been revealed?”
Exodus 6:6 “Therefore tell the Israelites: ‘I am the LORD, and I will bring you out from under the yoke of the Egyptians. I will free you from being slaves to them, and I will redeem you with an outstretched arm and with mighty acts of judgment.’”
John 12:37-38 “Although Jesus had performed so many signs in their presence, they still did not believe in Him. This was to fulfill the word of Isaiah the prophet: ‘Lord, who has believed our message? And to whom has the arm of the Lord been revealed?’”
Acts 13:17 “The God of this people Israel chose our ancestors, made the people prosper during their stay in the land of Egypt, and led them out of it with a mighty arm.”
Isaiah 53:2 “He grew up before him like a young plant and like a root out of dry ground. He didn’t have an impressive form or majesty that we should look at him, no appearance that we should desire him.”
Isaiah 11:1“Then a shoot will grow from the stump of Jesse, and a branch from his roots will bear fruit.”
Matthew 13:55 “Is not this the carpenter’s son? Is not his mother called Mary? And are not his brothers James and Joseph and Simon and Judas?”
Isaiah 53:3 “He was despised and rejected by men, a man of suffering who knew what sickness was. He was like someone people turned away from; he was despised, and we didn’t value him.”
Psalm 22:6“But I am a worm and not a man, scorned by mankind and despised by people.”
Isaiah 49:7“This is what the Lord, the Redeemer of Israel, his Holy One, says to one who is despised, to one…”
Luke 18:31-33“Then he took the Twelve aside and told them, ‘See, we are going up to Jerusalem. Everything that…’”
Mark 9:12“And he said to them, ‘Elijah does come first to restore all things. And how is it written of the Son of Man that he should suffer many things and be treated with contempt?’”
Mark 8:31 “Then He began to teach them that the Son of Man must suffer many things and be rejected by the elders, chief priests, and scribes, and that He must be killed and after three days rise again.”
Luke 9:22 “The Son of Man must suffer many things and be rejected.”
John 1:10-11 “He was in the world, and the world was created through him, and yet the world did not recognize…”
Hebrews 4:15 “For we do not have a high priest who is unable to sympathize with our weaknesses, but one who…”
Isaiah 53:4 “Yet he himself bore our sicknesses, and he carried our pains; but we in turn regarded him stricken, struck down by God, and afflicted.”
Matthew 8:17 “so that what was spoken through the prophet Isaiah might be fulfilled: He himself took our…”
1 Peter 2:21“For you were called to this, because Christ also suffered for you, leaving you an example, that…”
Isaiah 53:5 “But he was pierced because of our rebellion, crushed because of our iniquities; punishment for our peace was on him, and we are healed by his wounds.”
Romans 4:25 CSB“He was delivered up for our trespasses and raised for our justification.”
1 Corinthians 15:3 “For I passed on to you as most important what I also received: that Christ died for our sins…”
Hebrews 9:28 “so also Christ, having been offered once to bear the sins of many, will appear a second time,… Isaiah 1:4 “Oh sinful nation, people weighed down with iniquity, brood of evildoers, depraved children!” Jeremiah 2:30“I have struck down your children in vain; they would not accept discipline. Your own sword has…”
Zephaniah 3:2“She has not obeyed; she has not accepted discipline. She has not trusted in the Lord; she has…”
Hebrews 5:8 “Although he was the Son, he learned obedience from what he suffered.” 1 Peter 2:24 “He himself bore our sins in his body on the tree, that we might die to sin and live to righteousness. By his wounds you have been healed.”
Isaiah 53:6 “We all went astray like sheep; we all have turned to our own way; and the Lord has punished him for the iniquity of us all.”
1 Peter 2:25 “For you were straying like sheep, but have now returned to the Shepherd and Overseer of your souls.”
Matthew 18:12“What do you think? If someone has a hundred sheep, and one of them goes astray, won’t he leave…”
Isaiah 53:7“He was oppressed and afflicted, yet he did not open his mouth. Like a lamb led to the slaughter and like a sheep silent before her shearers, he did not open his mouth.”
Jeremiah 11:19“For I was like a docile lamb led to slaughter. I didn’t know that they had devised plots against…”
Matthew 26:63“But Jesus kept silent. The high priest said to him, ‘I charge you under oath by the living God:…’”
Matthew 27:12-14“While he was being accused by the chief priests and elders, he didn’t answer. Then Pilate said…”
Luke 23:9“So he kept asking him questions, but Jesus did not answer him.”
John 19:9“He went back into the headquarters and asked Jesus, “Where are you from?” But Jesus did not give…”
Acts 8:32-33 “Now the Scripture passage he was reading was this: He was led like a sheep to the slaughter, and…”
1 Peter 2:23 “When he was insulted, he did not insult in return; when he suffered, he did not threaten but…”
Isaiah 53:8 “He was taken away because of oppression and judgment, and who considered his fate? For he was cut off from the land of the living; he was struck because of my people’s rebellion.”
Acts 13:28 “And though they found in him no guilt worthy of death, they asked Pilate to have him executed.”
John 19:15“They cried out, ‘Away with him, away with him, crucify him!” Pilate said to them, ‘Shall I crucify your King?’ The chief priests answered, ‘We have no king but Caesar.’”
Isaiah 53:9 “He was assigned a grave with the wicked, but he was with a rich man at his death, because he had done no violence and had not spoken deceitfully.”
Matthew 27:57-60“When it was evening, a rich man from Arimathea named Joseph came, who himself had also become a…”
1 Peter 2:22 “He did not commit sin, and no deceit was found in his mouth;”
1 John 3:5“You know that he was revealed so that he might take away sins, and there is no sin in him.”
Isaiah 53:10 “Yet the Lord was pleased to crush him severely. When you make him a guilt offering, he will see his seed, he will prolong his days, and by his hand, the Lord’s pleasure will be accomplished.”
Isaiah 44:28 “who says to Cyrus, ‘My shepherd, he will fulfill all my pleasure’”
1 Timothy 2:5-6 “For there is one God and one mediator between God and mankind, the man Christ Jesus, 6 who gave himself as a ransom for all, a testimony at the proper time.”
Titus 2:14 “He gave himself for us to redeem us from all lawlessness and to cleanse for himself a people for his own possession, eager to do good works.”
Isaiah 53:11 “After his anguish, he will see light and be satisfied. By his knowledge, my righteous servant will justify many, and he will carry their iniquities.”
Acts 13:39 “Everyone who believes is justified through him from everything that you could not be justified…”
Romans 5:18-19“So then, as through one trespass there is condemnation for everyone, so also through one…”
2 Corinthians 5:21 “He made the one who did not know sin to be sin for us, so that in him we might become the righteousness of God.”
1 Peter 3:18“For Christ also suffered for sins once for all, the righteous for the unrighteous, that he might bring you to God. He was put to death in the flesh but made alive by the Spirit,”
Isaiah 53:12 “Therefore I will give him the many as a portion, and he will receive the mighty as spoil, because he willingly submitted to death, and was counted among the rebels; yet he bore the sin of many and interceded for the rebels.”
Matthew 26:42“Again, a second time, he went away and prayed, ‘My Father, if this cannot pass unless I drink…”
John 10:14-18“I am the good shepherd. I know my own, and my own know me, just as the Father knows me, and I…”
Philippians 2:6-8 “who, existing in the form of God, did not consider equality with God as something to be…”
Luke 22:37“For I tell you, what is written must be fulfilled in me: And he was counted among the lawless….”
Hebrews 9:28“so also Christ, having been offered once to bear the sins of many, will appear a second time,…” Luke 23:34“Then Jesus said, ‘Father, forgive them, because they do not know what they are doing.’ And they…”
Romans 8:34“Who is the one who condemns? Christ Jesus is the one who died, but even more, has been raised;…”
Hebrews 7:25“Therefore, he is able to save completely those who come to God through him, since he always…”
Colossians 2:15 “He disarmed the rulers and authorities and disgraced them publicly; he triumphed over them in him.”
“‘Christ died’ —that is history; ‘Christ died for my sins—that is doctrine.“ J. Gresham Machen; C & L, p. 23
Was Jesus Crucified?
“Even if you silenced the voices of the New Testament authors, you would still have a robust description of Jesus and his followers from ancient, hostile non-Christian voices in the fallout…There are more non-Christian voices in this extrabiblical collection (ninety-two historical figures) than Christian ones, and regardless of their social stature, ethnicity, motivation, or region, the common description of Jesus (at their core) remains the same.” [2]
The Chart below contains examples of both Christian and non-Christian attestations of Jesus’s existence, crucifixion, and worship. These quotes are from the first and second centuries, exhibited the compelling evidence of Jesus’s impact on the world and why his crucifixion/bodily resurrection matters (well before the Council of Nicaea).
Name
Quote
Topics Covered
Thallus (AD 52)
Samarian historian
Non-Christian
“Another historian, Sextus Julius Africanus, wrote a text entitled History of the World in AD 221 which quoted Thallus’s chronicled statement pertaining to the darkness that was observed at the time of Jesus’s death.” [1] “On the whole world there pressed a most fearful darkness; and the rocks were rent by the earthquake, and many places in the Judea and other districts were thrown down. This darkness Thallus, in the third book of his History, calls, as appears to me without reason, an eclipse of the sun.” [1] Julius Africanus’s historical writings
– Jesus existed.- Jesus died.- Notable weather conditions coincided with Jesus’s death.
Josephus (AD 37-101)
Jewish historian
Non-Christian
“Now there was about this time Jesus, a wise man. For he was a doer of startling deeds, a teacher of such men as receive the truth with pleasure. And he gained a following both among many Jews and many of Greek origin. And when Pilate, at the suggestion of the principal men amongst us, condemned him to the cross, those that loved him at the first did not forsake him. And the tribe of Christians, so named from him, are not extinct at this day.” [2] Josephus’s Antiquities of the Jews (18:3:3)
– Jesus existed.- Brother of James.- Referred to Jesus as a wise man.- Referred to Pontius Pilate.- Acknowledged that Jesus performed miracles.
Clement (AD 70-96)
First century church leader in Rome
Christian
Clement “wrote a letter to the church at Corinth (ca. AD 70-96). In it he speaks of the teachings of Jesus (13:1), his death (21:6), and his resurrection from the dead (24:1).” [5] The First Letter of Clement to Rome
– Jesus existed.- Affirms Jesus’s death and resurrection.
Ignatius (AD 50-117)
Disciple of John, Bishop in Antioch
Christian
“For our God, Jesus the Christ, was conceived by Mary according to God’s plan, both from the seed of David and of the Holy Spirit.” [3] Ignatius, Letter to the Ephesians, 18.2
– Jesus existed.- Jesus was the promised Messiah.- Jesus is God.
Tacitus (AD 56-120)
Ancient Roman historian
Non-Christian
“Consequently, to get rid of the report, Nero fastened the guilt and inflicted the most exquisite tortures on a class hated for their abominations, called Christians by the populace. Christus, from whom the name had its origin, suffered the extreme penalty during the reign of Tiberius at the hands of one of our procurators, Pontius Pilatus, and a most mischievous superstition, thus checked for the moment, again broke out not only in Judea, the first source of the evil, but even in Rome, where all things hideous and shameful from every part of the world find their centre and become popular.” [4] Annals 12
– Jesus (Christus) existed.- Jesus had followers.- Pontius Pilate existed.- Nero persecuted Christians.-Tacitus “hated” Christians because their allegiance was to Jesus not to the worshiped gods of the culture.
Polycarp (AD 69-155)
Disciple of John, Bishop at Smyrna
Christian
“Now may the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, and the eternal high priest himself, the Son of God Jesus Christ, build you up in faith and truth…and to us with you, and to all those under heaven who will yet believe in our Lord and God Jesus Christ and in his Father who raised him from the dead.” [3]The Letter of Polycarp to the Philippians12.2
– Polycarp was martyred for being a Christian.- Preached Jesus was a real man. – Preached that Jesus was/is God.
Mara Bar-Serapion (AD 70 – Unknown)
Stoic (Syrian) philosopher
Non-Christian
“What benefit did the Athenians obtain by putting Socrates to death? Famine and plague came upon them as judgment for their crime. Or, the people of Samos for burning Pythagoras? In one moment their country was covered with sand. Or the Jews by murdering their wise king?…After that their kingdom was abolished. God rightly avenged these men…The wise king…Lived on in the teachings he enacted.” [4] A Letter of Mara, Son of Serapion
– Jesus existed.- Confirmed Jesus’s Jewish heritage.- Claimed Jesus was wise. – Affirmed Jesus’s death.
– Jesus existed.- Justin was martyred for following Jesus.- Jesus was/is God.- Jesus was the Messiah.
Pliny the Younger (AD 61-113)
Governor of Bithynia; Connected with Trajan
Non-Chrisitan
“Th never to falsify their wordey (the Christians) were in the habit of meeting on a certain fixed day before it was light, when they sang in alternate verses a hymn to Christ, as to a god, and bound themselves by a solemn oath, not to any wicked deeds, but never to commit any fraud, theft or adultery,, nor deny a trust when they should be called upon to deliver it up; after which it was their custom to separate, and then reassemble to partake of food—but food of an ordinary and innocent kind.” [4] Pliny, Letters 10.96-97 (Pliny to the Emperor Trajan)
– Followers of Jesus worshiped him as God. – Christ was a reference to Jesus.
– Jesus was referred to as Chrestus.- Jesus had followers
Phlegon of Tralles (AD 140)
Historian
Non-Christian
Origen refers to Phlegon’s book of history: “And with regard to the eclipse in the time of Tiberius Caesar, in whose reign Jesus appears to have been crucified, and the great earthquakes which then took place, Phlegon too, I think, has written in the thirteenth or fourteenth book of his Chronicles” [5] Origen, Against Celsus, 2.14. Online
– Jesus existed.- Jesus was crucified.- Notable weather phenomenon occurred around the time of Jesus’s death.
Lucian of Samosata (AD 166)
Greek Satirist
Non-Christian
“The Christians, you know, worship a man to this day,–the distinguished personage who introduced their novel rites, and was crucified on that account…. You see, these misguided creatures start with the general conviction that they are immortal for all time, which explains the contempt of death and voluntary self-devotion which are so common among them; and then it was impressed on them by their original lawgiver that they are all brothers, from the moment that they are converted, and deny the gods of Greece, and worship the crucified sage, and live after his laws.” [5] The Lucian of Samosata Project
– Jesus existed.- Jesus had followers.- Jesus was crucified.- Affirmed that Christians would not worship the gods of Greece.
“The narration of the facts is history; the narration of the facts with the meaning of the facts is doctrine. ‘Suffered under Pontius Pilate, was crucified, dead and buried’ that is history. ‘He loved me and gave Himself for me’ that was the Christianity of the primitive Church.”
– J. Gresham Machen; Christianity & Liberalism, p. 25
Citations
Rydelnik, Michael, and Edwin Blum, eds. 2019. The Moody Handbook of Messianic Prophecy: Studies and Expositions of the Messiah in the Old Testament. N.p.: Moody Publishers. p. 965-966.
J. Warner Wallace; Cold Case Christianity. Page 216.
Made popular by Christian Apologist Dr. David Wood, the Islamic Dilemma is a logical argument revealing how the Quran openly “affirms the inspiration, preservation, and authority of the Jewish and Christian Scriptures (the Torah and the Gospel).” [1]
The Islamic Dilemma exposes Allah’s command, through the Quran, for Christians to judge the Quran by the Torah and the Gospel. In other words, the “previous Scriptures” are to be the straightedge.
Therefore, if the Christian Scriptures are to judge the Quran, then the Quran is false — because the Quran contradicts the Gospel on fundamental events and doctrine (eg. Jesus’s claims to be God as well as his crucifixion).
However, numerous Muslims claim that the Scriptures have been corrupted. But if the Torah and the Gospel have been corrupted, then the Quran is still false (because it promises the preservation of the Christian Scriptures). This dilemma implores both Muslims and Christians to study both books, investigating truth — which is what we should do (1 Thessalonians 5:21).
It should also be noted, as Islam claims, that the Quran was “revealed” to Muhammad between AD 610 and AD 632. If Allah is all-knowing and all-powerful, he would have known about any corruption that might have occurred with the biblical scriptures (Torah and the Gospels) and would not have made these commands.
The Muslim Scriptures (Quran) “affirm the inspiration, preservation, and authority of the Christian scriptures (including the Torah and the Gospel).” [4]
The Dilemma:
A. If the Torah and the Gospel are true (inspired and authoritative), then the Quran is false.
B. If the Torah and the Gospel are false (Allah did not preserve them), then the Quran is false.
“Recite what has been revealed to you from the Book of your Lord. None can change His Words, nor can you find any refuge besides Him.” Quran 18:27
The Quran promises the preservation of the Christian Scriptures, but if the Christian Scriptures have been corrupted, then Allah’s words can be changed, making the Quran false.
But if Allah did preserve the Bible, then the Quran is still false because it contradicts the Bible.
“Those who follow the Messenger, the unlettered prophet, whom they find written in what they have of the Torah and the Gospel, who enjoins upon them what is right and forbids them what is wrong and makes lawful for them the good things and prohibits for them the evil and relieves them of their burden and the shackles which were upon them. So they who have believed in him, honored him, supported him and followed the light which was sent down with him – it is those who will be the successful.” Quran 7:157
Allah commands that the “people of the Book” (Christians) should live by their book and judge the Quran by their Scriptures (Old and New Testaments).
The Christian Scriptures differ from the Quran on essential doctrines (per Dr. David Wood):
God is a Trinity (Matthew 28:18-20). The Son entered creation as Jesus of Nazareth (John 1:1-4). Jesus died on the cross for sins (Mark 10:32-34, 45). Jesus rose from the dead (Luke 24; 1 Cor 15).
“Say, ˹O Prophet,˺ ‘O People of the Book! You have nothing to stand on unless you observe the Torah, the Gospel, and what has been revealed to you from your Lord.’ And your Lord’s revelation to you ˹O Prophet˺ will only cause many of them to increase in wickedness and disbelief. So do not grieve for the people who disbelieve. (Al-Ma’idah 5:68)” Quran 5:68
“And when you come across those who ridicule Our revelations, do not sit with them unless they engage in a different topic. Should Satan make you forget, then once you remember, do not ˹continue to˺ sit with the wrongdoing people.” Quran 6:68
“He has revealed to you ˹O Prophet˺ the Book in truth, confirming what came before it, as He revealed the Torah and the Gospel previously, as a guide for people, and ˹also˺ revealed the Standard ˹to distinguish between right and wrong˺. Surely those who reject Allah’s revelations will suffer a severe torment. For Allah is Almighty, capable of punishment.” Quran 3:3-4
“If you ˹O Prophet˺ are in doubt about ˹these stories˺ that We have revealed to you, then ask those who read the Scripture before you. The truth has certainly come to you from your Lord, so do not be one of those who doubt,” Quran 10:94
“And let the people of the Gospel judge by what God sent down therein; and whoso judges not by what God has sent down: it is they who are the perfidious. So let the people of the Gospel judge by what Allah has revealed in it. And those who do not judge by what Allah has revealed are ˹truly˺ the rebellious. We have revealed to you ˹O Prophet˺ this Book with the truth, as a confirmation of previous Scriptures and a supreme authority on them. So judge between them by what Allah has revealed, and do not follow their desires over the truth that has come to you. To each of you We have ordained a code of law and a way of life. If Allah had willed, He would have made you one community, but His Will is to test you with what He has given ˹each of˺ you. So compete with one another in doing good. To Allah you will all return, then He will inform you ˹of the truth˺ regarding your differences.” Surah 5:47-49
Why is this important?
Every person has a view of the world (a worldview) that answers the major questions we all have: Who are we? How did we get here? What is our purpose? Why are we and this world so broken and yet so beautiful at the same time? From where did love come? How can the broken be made right? Nancy Pearcey, in her book Total Truth, explains that a worldview is like a “mental map that tells us how to navigate the world effectively (p.23). Pearcey contends that the biblical worldview (Christianity) best accounts for the truth of “total reality” and provides a “perspective for interpreting every subject matter” (p. 34).
“I am not a Christian because it works for me. I had a life prior to Christianity that seemed to be working just fine. And my life as a Christian hasn’t always been that easy.
I am a Christian because it’s true.
I’m a Christian because I want to live in a way that reflects the truth.
I’m a Christian because my high regard for truth gives me no alternative.”
Nearly every major worldview (religion) today acknowledges that Jesus was a real man who performed wondrous deeds, was a good and wise teacher, and was crucified upon a Roman cross around AD 30 or 33. And while Islam denies that Jesus died on the Roman cross (Quran 4:157-158), the historical evidence says otherwise. The combined written testimonies of both Christian eyewitnesses (New Testament writers) and non-Christian historians (eg, Josephus, Pliny the Younger, Mara Bar Sarapion, Livy, and Tacitus) record this event as factual.
“Beloved, do not believe every spirit, but test the spirits to see whether they are from God, for many false prophets have gone out into the world. 2 By this you know the Spirit of God: every spirit that confesses that Jesus Christ has come in the flesh is from God, 3 and every spirit that does not confess Jesus is not from God. This is the spirit of the antichrist, which you heard was coming and now is in the world already.” (1 John 4: 1-3)
When someone tests the claims of Christianity, he or she has the option to trust those claims or not. However, upon examining those assertions, one thing is for certain: wishful thinking is no longer viable. The crucifixion either happened or it didn’t. And the bodily resurrection either occurred or it didn’t. Jesus either claimed to be God, or he didn’t. To not examine these assertions thoughtfully and responsibly is to build one’s home out of the wood of apathy, with its foundation on the shifting sands of relativism.
“but test everything; hold fast what is good.” (1 Thessalonians 5:21)
✔️The promised Messiah (fulfilling > 300 Old Testament prophecies); ✔️God (A); ✔️Died for the sins of humanity on a Roman cross in AD 30 or 33; ✔️Born of a virgin; ✔️Creator; ✔️Judge
✔️Prophet (A); ✔️Born of a virgin (B); ✔️Did not die on a cross (C); ✔️Judge (D); ✔️Just a man (E);
*It should be noted that “the Ebionites were not dominant followers of Jesus nor were they proto-Muslims.” (F)
✔️False Messiah (A); ✔️Just a man (B); ✔️Crucified by Pontius Pilate (C).
View of Salvation
Faith in Jesus (his work on our behalf); Grace alone.
Ephesians 2:1-10; Romans 10: 9-10
Man is born good; Good deeds must outweigh the bad deeds.
Christianity holds fast to a monotheistic worldview. This means that Christians view God as the one and only God: There is no other being like Him (Isaiah 45:5; Isaiah 46:9). Only God is the eternal, infinite, Holy, transcendent, uncreated Creator of everything (Genesis 1; Psalm 24; John 1:1-14; Colossians 1:15-20). This means that humanity is not God, nor can man ever become God. God alone is God for eternity. And humans stay humans, forever.
God is one essence or Being (what), and three coequal, coeternal Persons (who).
Christianity teaches the biblical view that God alone is self-sufficient. In other words, God is perfect, lacking nothing (Exodus 3:14; Isaiah 40:28; Isaiah 46:9; Romans 11:33. Therefore, if God were only the Father (one Person), he would need to create humanity to know love. This would demonstrate a lack within him. He would be imperfect. Wes Huff explains that “The Father has been loving the Son in the power of the Holy Spirit forever. God does not need to create to experience anything. [Instead,] creation is an outpouring of his love.” (source)
“In eternity past, the Father loved the Son and the Son loved the Father. Love is bound up in the very nature of God.” D.A. Carson (source)
This is why God, as a Trinity, best explains why God is Love (1 John 4). Even though the word Trinity is not found in the Bible, Scripture (both the Old and New Testaments) confirms the concept. God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Spirit have been loving one another from Eternity past. There is no lack of love (holiness, goodness, etc.) in the Godhead. There is no need to create anything to love because God is already Love. God’s love stands in stark contrast to our frail and self-focused affections. Instead, God’s love always has another’s best interest in mind. Viewing God as a Trinity, God is one essence (what) and three coequal, coeternal Persons (who), has been an essential teaching of Christianity from the very beginning.
“Go therefore and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit,” Jesus (Matthew 28:19)
“For to us a child is born, to us a son is given; and the government shall be upon his shoulder, and his name shall be called Wonderful Counselor, Mighty God, Everlasting Father, Prince of Peace.” (Isaiah 9:6)
“And when Jesus saw their faith, he said to the paralytic, ‘Son, your sins are forgiven.’ 6 Now some of the scribes were sitting there, questioning in their hearts, 7 ‘Why does this man speak like that? He is blaspheming! Who can forgive sins but God alone?’” (Mark 2:5-7)
“In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. He was with God in the beginning. All things were created through him, and apart from him not one thing was created that has been created.He was in the world, and the world was created through him, and yet the world did not recognize him. He came to his own, and his own people did not receive him. But to all who did receive him, *he gave* them the right to be children of God, to those who believe in his name, who were born, not of natural descent, or of the will of the flesh, or of the will of man, but of God.The Word became flesh and dwelt among us. We observed his glory, the glory as the one and only Son from the Father, full of grace and truth.” (John 1:1-14)
“No one has ever seen God; God the only Son,who is at the Father’s side, he has made him known” (John 1:18)
Page 2021 of the ESV Study Bible
And while God does not need anything (even us), he created us for his good and perfect purposes. Per GotQuestions.org, “Being created for God’s pleasure does not mean humanity was made to entertain God or provide Him with amusement. God is a creative Being, and it gives Him pleasure to create. God is a personal Being, and it gives Him pleasure to have other beings He can have a genuine relationship with.” (source)
“For by him all things were created, in heaven and on earth, visible and invisible, whether thrones or dominions or rulers or authorities — all things were created through him and for him.” (Colossians 1:16)
The Bible tells us that God created humanity in his image (Genesis 1:27), which does not imply that humanity is like God in our being (ontology). Instead, it refers to our God-given design for communication (with him), creativity (stewarding the resources given to us), relationship (resembling what God has as a Trinity), and the ability to love. God has given humanity the gift of Free Will so that love would be possible. Without the choice to love, love would not be an option.
Another important note to make is this: God is good, and therefore everything God creates is good. Genesis 1 attests to the goodness of God’s design! God made humanity with a body and a soul. Therefore, humanity is not just a soul, but both body and soul. And both have a good design because God made both (Genesis 1:26-27). This biblical perspective of God’s design of humanity differs drastically from the Docetic (Gnostic) perspective, drastically!
“Docestism is the viewpoint that our bodies are bad because the material world is bad or evil. “The word Docetism comes from the Greek dokein, which meant ‘to seem’; according to Docetism, Jesus Christ only seemed to have a human body like ours.” [14] This view finds it illogical for a infinte, holy God to wear a finite, sin-riddled humanity. Islam, Gnosticism, Perennial Wisdom, and the New Age Spirituality would agree with the Docetic interpretation of Jesus’s life, claiming that he could not have been God incarnate. Nor could a prophet from God die such a humiliating death (upon a Roman cross).
“For the word of the cross is folly to those who are perishing, but to us who are being saved it is the power of God. 19 For it is written,
‘I will destroy the wisdom of the wise, and the discernment of the discerning I will thwart.’”
Christian apologist GodLogic (Avery) dialogued with a Muslim via a livestream on YouTube about the essential doctrine of God’s incarnation (as Jesus of Nazareth). GodLogic helped this young man to understand that Christians recognize that humanity is a creation of God, and that no human can become God (as opposed to Mormonism and the New Age). Christians do not believe that we are divine. However, we do hold fast to the biblical teaching that God can become a man (see Isaiah 9:6 & Philippians 2). GL pointed to a teaching in the Quran, where Allah (believed by Muslims to be the infinite, uncreated Creator) chooses to protect creation by veiling himself in light (a creation). [15]
GodLogic, both respectfully and patiently, built a bridge with the Muslim caller, finding mutual agreement that God, being infinite and mighty, lovingly veiled himself with creation. For the Muslim, Allah chooses to withhold his glory (without losing his glory or might) with a created thing: light. For the Christian, we recognize Jesus as remaining the infinite, glorious God of the Universe, all the while adding upon himself a human nature. Jesus was fully God and fully human. To reiterate, Jesus did not become God nor was merely an enlightened man. Jesus was God incarnate. That is why Philippians 2:6-11 was an early creed of Christians (recorded in Paul’s letter to the Philippian church in AD 61-61).
“who (Jesus), existing in the form of God, did not consider equality with God as something to be exploited. 7 Instead he emptied himself by assuming the form of a servant, taking on the likeness of humanity. And when he had come as a man, 8 he humbled himself by becoming obedient to the point of death— even to death on a cross. 9 For this reason God highly exalted him and gave him the name that is above every name, 10 so that at the name of Jesus every knee will bow— in heaven and on earth and under the earth— 11 and every tongue will confess that Jesus Christ is Lord, to the glory of God the Father.” (Philippians 2:6-11)
What does it mean to be made in the Image of God, and how does this relate to the Gospel of God? Dr. David Wood unpacks what it means to be made in the image of God. This is an excellent resource!
20 minutes with Dr. David Wood.
“So God created man in his own image, in the image of God he created him; male and female he created them.” (Genesis 1:27)
We are created by a good God. All that God does is good. This means that our design is good (Genesis 1 and 2). Included in this design is our ability to choose. We are moral creatures. We have the God-given ability to choose either God’s way (his word/character) or our own way. In other words, can either follow God’s heart and do what is best for us, or follow our own hearts and do what seems right! Or as Frank Sinatra sang, “I’ll do it my way!”
Choosing our own way is straying from what is good and right. Therefore, forging our own path is choosing what is wrong and evil, for it goes against God’s guidance. When our first parents (Adam and Eve) chose to follow their own hearts instead of God’s heart, they essentially chose to pilot a good design with a less capable pilot. Because of this choice, we all have inherited a broken lens through which to operate what God has given us. Friends, we broke the world. We are the only ones to blame, not God.
“It’s your sins that have cut you off from God. Because of your sins, he has turned away and will not listen anymore.”(Isaiah 59:2)
“All we like sheep have gone astray; we have turned—every one—to his own way; and the Lord has laid on him the iniquity of us all.” (Isaiah 53:6)
What then? Are we Jews any better off? No, not at all. For we have already charged that all, both Jews and Greeks, are under sin, 10 as it is written:
(D)“None is righteous, no, not one; 11 no one understands; no one seeks for God. (Romans 3:9-11)
“for all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God,” (Romans 3:23)
“Therefore, just as sin came into the world through one man, and death through sin, and so death spread to all men because all sinned.” (Romans 5:12
But in his immense (charitable and steadfast) love for us, He did not leave us in this death-bound state. God had a plan. A plan set forth by the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit in eternity past. A boots-on-the-ground mission of God for humanity, carried out in real time and space. A plan that could not be thwarted.
Friends, Jesus demonstrated in real time and space who He was (and still is). God’s love came down and put upon Himself a human nature to fulfill His promise: rescuing humanity (Ge 3:15; Jn 2:12; 3:26). This is captured vividly in Mark’s letter. Remaining fully God, fully veiled in a human nature, Jesus fulfilled the Law of God perfectly on our behalf. Going to the cross, Jesus paid the debt you and I owe, and raising bodily in a transformed body, Jesus made a way back to God which only God could make. Jesus’s work on our behalf saves us. As pastor and author Michael Horton articulates, “He suffered as God because only God had the power to save; He suffered as man because only man owed the debt.” You see, Jesus is not a mere model of faith for Christians… Jesus is the object of our faith.
“I will put enmity between you and the woman, and between your offspring and her offspring; he shall bruise your head, and you shall bruise his heel.” (Genesis 3:15)
“Surely he has borne our griefs and carried our sorrows; yet we esteemed him stricken, smitten by God, and afflicted. 5 But he was pierced for our transgressions; he was crushed for our iniquities; upon him was the chastisement that brought us peace, and with his wounds we are healed. 6 All we like sheep have gone astray; we have turned—every one—to his own way; and the Lord has laid on him the iniquity of us all.” (Isaiah 53:4-6)
“but God shows his love for us in that while we were still sinners, Christ died for us.“ (Romans 5:8)
“He committed no sin, neither was deceit found in his mouth. 23 When he was reviled, he did not revile in return; when he suffered, he did not threaten, but continued entrusting himself to him who judges justly. 24 He himself bore our sins in his body on the tree, that we might die to sin and live to righteousness. By his wounds you have been healed. 25 For you were straying like sheep, but have now returned to the Shepherd and Overseer of your souls.” (1 Peter 2:22-25)
God’s plan of salvation for humanity was not just for those living in the first century, but it is for all of humanity. Every human needs to be saved from his or her sin. This plan was retroactive for those living before God’s incarnation as well as for those who would come afterwards. It’s for this very reason that God both planned and superintended the construction of the Bible so that we can all know his plan of salvation.
“Then he (Jesus) said to them, ‘These are my words that I spoke to you while I was still with you, that everything written about me in the Law of Moses and the Prophets and the Psalms must be fulfilled.’ 45 Then he opened their minds to understand the Scriptures, 46 and said to them, ‘Thus it is written, that the Christ should suffer and on the third day rise from the dead, 47 and that repentance for the forgiveness of sins should be proclaimed in his name to all nations, beginning from Jerusalem. 48 You are witnesses of these things. 49 And behold, I am sending the promise of my Father upon you. But stay in the city until you are clothed with power from on high.‘” (Luke 24:44-49)
“Inasmuch as many have undertaken to compile a narrative of the things that have been accomplished among us, 2 just as those who from the beginning were eyewitnesses and ministers of the word have delivered them to us, 3 it seemed good to me also, having followed all things closely for some time past, to write an orderly account for you, most excellent Theophilus, 4 that you may have certainty concerning the things you have been taught.” (Luke 1:1-4)
The Bible is a codex of 66 books penned by more than 40 writers on 3 different continents (Africa, Europe, and Asia), in 3 different languages (Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek), with a steadfast message testifying to God as the One True God who is faithful to save. Per John Wenham, from his book Christ and the Bible, “To him (Jesus), what Scripture says, God says” (p. 17).
Infographic: Wes Huff
“Then the Lord said to Moses, ‘Writethis as a memorial in a book and recite it in the ears of Joshua, that I will utterly blot out the memory of Amalek from under heaven.’” Exodus 17:14
“But the Helper, the Holy Spirit, whom the Father will send in my name, he will teach you all things and bring to your remembrance all that I have said to you.” John 14:26
“I do not ask for these only, but also for those who will believe in me through their word, ” John 17:20
The late Voddie Baucham described the Bible in this way: “I choose to believe the Bible because it’s a reliable collection of historical documents written by eyewitnesses, during the lifetime of other eyewitnesses…who report supernatural events that took place in fulfillment of specific prophecies, and claim their writings are divine rather than human in origin” (here is the quote source).
“For whatever was written in former days was written for our instruction, that through endurance and through the encouragement of the Scriptures we might have hope.” (Romans 15:4)
“For we did not follow cleverly devised myths when we made known to you the power and coming of our Lord Jesus Christ, but we were eyewitnesses of his majesty. 17 For when he received honor and glory from God the Father, and the voice was borne to him by the Majestic Glory, “This is my beloved Son, with whom I am well pleased,” 18 we ourselves heard this very voice borne from heaven, for we were with him on the holy mountain. 19 And we have the prophetic word more fully confirmed, to which you will do well to pay attention as to a lamp shining in a dark place, until the day dawns and the morning star rises in your hearts, 20 knowing this first of all, that no prophecy of Scripture comes from someone’s own interpretation. 21 For no prophecy was ever produced by the will of man, but men spoke from God as they were carried along by the Holy Spirit.” (2 Peter 1:16-21)
“But as for you, continue in what you have learned and have firmly believed, knowing from whom you learned it 15 and how from childhood you have been acquainted with the sacred writings, which are able to make you wise for salvation through faith in Christ Jesus. 16 All Scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for training in righteousness, 17 that the man of God may be complete, equipped for every good work.” (2 Timothy 3:14-17)
Where did Christianity get its name?
Per historian Justo L. Gonzalez, “The early Christians did not believe that they were following a new religion (worldview). They were Jews, and their main difference with the rest of Judaism was that they were convinced that the Messiah (Christ) had come, whereas other Jews continued awaiting his advent.” (p. 41) [2] Nancy Pearcey says it this way in her book Finding Truth, “The Christian message does not begin with ‘accept Christ as your Savior’; it begins with ‘in the beginning God created the heavens and the earth’” (p.45).
Initially, the Romans viewed early Christians as a variant sect of Judaism. That is, until people from outside of Judaism became followers of Jesus as well. The title “Christian” was given to them by authorities in Antioch to designate them as a group (Acts 11:26; 1 Peter 4:16).
Early Christians believed that Jesus had fulfilled the prophecies about the Messiah in the Old Testament. The works Jesus had performed, and the worship he had received, made it clear to these early Christians that Jesus was who he claimed to be: God incarnate.
Do we have the original message?
One objection cited by numerous Muslim apologists (regarding the Islamic Dilemma) is that Allah was speaking about the inspiration, preservation, and authority of the original Torah and Gospel. It’s their belief that what we have today is not the original but is instead a corrupted version.
So how do we know that what we have today matches the original?
To know if we have an accurate message in our Bibles today, we need to examine if the copies were early, plentiful (for cross-checking and comparing), and consistent (or were they altered after the originals). It’s also important to address the role of the Council of Nicaea (AD 325) in church history and whether this council had any say in what books were inspired (authoritative).
Early
What did the earliest followers of Jesus teach? This is crucial! This is what the Islamic Dilemma is addressing. In order to do this with integrity, let’s go to the Gospel letter thought to be the earliest of the four gospel accounts by numerous scholars — Mark. The Gospel of Mark was recorded with “internal and external data pointing to Rome as the place of composition around the mid-to-late 50’s.”[3] And while Mark was not an eyewitness to Jesus’s earthly ministry, he wrote Peter’s testimony with care and urgency.
Jesus’s crucifixion most likely occurred in A.D. 30 or 33; therefore, the documentation provided by Mark is approximately 20 years later. This is incredible news when referring to ancient documents! For example, the first written copy of Caesar’s Gallic Wars appeared approximately 950 years later, with the first extant copy of Tacitus’s Annals showing up 1,000 years afterwards! [4]
“Famous British manuscript expert Sir Frederick Kenyon summed up the matter well when he declared that: ‘The interval between the dates of original composition and the earliest extant evidence becomes so small as to be in fact negligible, and the last foundation for any doubt that the Scriptures have come down substantially as they were written has now been removed. Both the authenticity and the general integrity of the books of the New Testament may be regarded as finally established‘ (Kenyon, The Bible and Archaeology, 288).” Norman Geisler (source)
Given that Mark’s letter was Peter’s eyewitness account of Jesus’ teachings and miracles, we would expect the earliest eyewitness report to boldly acknowledge Jesus’s self-proclamations to be the long-awaited Messiah (God the Son, incarnate). And if we take time to actually study Mark for ourselves, we would find Jesus demonstrating his identity as God incarnate in nearly every single chapter of Mark! We just need to read the texts versus readily believing every online pundit (this includes me).
It should also be noted that both Paul and Peter were martyred at the hands of Nero in the mid to late 60s AD. This means that every letter written by these two men was within 20-35 years after the crucifixion and bodily resurrection of Jesus (250-300 years before the council of Nicaea). Here is a powerful example of how the events recounted by Peter in Mark’s letter parallel those of Psalm 22.
Mark 15
“And when the sixth hour had come, there was darkness over the whole land until the ninth hour. 34 And at the ninth hour Jesus cried with a loud voice, ‘Eloi, Eloi, lema sabachthani?’ which means, ‘My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?’ 35 And some of the bystanders hearing it said, ‘Behold, he is calling Elijah.’ 36 And someone ran and filled a sponge with sour wine, put it on a reed and gave it to him to drink, saying, ‘Wait, let us see whether Elijah will come to take him down.’ 37 And Jesus uttered a loud cry and breathed his last. 38 And the curtain of the temple was torn in two, from top to bottom. 39 And when the centurion, who stood facing him, saw that in this way he breathed his last, he said, ‘Truly this man was the Son of God!’” (Mark 15)
“Then he said to them, ‘These are my words that I spoke to you while I was still with you, that everything written about me in the Law of Moses and the Prophets and the Psalms must be fulfilled.’ 45 Then he opened their minds to understand the Scriptures, 46 and said to them, ‘Thus it is written, that the Christ should suffer and on the third day rise from the dead, 47 and that repentance for the forgiveness of sins should be proclaimed in his name to all nations, beginning from Jerusalem. 48 You are witnesses of these things. 49 And behold, I am sending the promise of my Father upon you. But stay in the city until you are clothed with power from on high.’” (Luke 24:44-49)
Psalm 22
“My God, my God, why have you forsaken me? Why are you so far from saving me, from the words of my groaning? 2 O my God, I cry by day, but you do not answer, and by night, but I find no rest. 3 Yet you are holy, enthroned on the praises of Israel. 4 In you our fathers trusted; they trusted, and you delivered them. 5 To you they cried and were rescued; in you they trusted and were not put to shame. 6 But I am a worm and not a man, scorned by mankind and despised by the people. 7 All who see me mock me; they make mouths at me; they wag their heads; 8 “He trusts in the Lord; let him deliver him; let him rescue him, for he delights in him!” 9 Yet you are he who took me from the womb; you made me trust you at my mother’s breasts. 10 On you was I cast from my birth, and from my mother’s womb you have been my God. 11 Be not far from me, for trouble is near, and there is none to help. 12 Many bulls encompass me; strong bulls of Bashan surround me; 13 they open wide their mouths at me, like a ravening and roaring lion. 14 I am poured out like water, and all my bones are out of joint; my heart is like wax; it is melted within my breast; 15 my strength is dried up like a potsherd, and my tongue sticks to my jaws; you lay me in the dust of death. 16 For dogs encompass me; a company of evildoers encircles me; they have pierced my hands and feet— 17 I can count all my bones— they stare and gloat over me; 18 they divide my garments among them, and for my clothing they cast lots. 19 But you, O Lord, do not be far off! O you my help, come quickly to my aid! 20 Deliver my soul from the sword, my precious life from the power of the dog! 21 Save me from the mouth of the lion! You have rescued me from the horns of the wild oxen! 22 I will tell of your name to my brothers; in the midst of the congregation I will praise you: 23 You who fear the Lord, praise him! All you offspring of Jacob, glorify him, and stand in awe of him, all you offspring of Israel! 24 For he has not despised or abhorred the affliction of the afflicted, and he has not hidden his face from him, but has heard, when he cried to him. 25 From you comes my praise in the great congregation; my vows I will perform before those who fear him. 26 The afflicted shall eat and be satisfied; those who seek him shall praise the Lord! May your hearts live forever! 27 All the ends of the earth shall remember and turn to the Lord, and all the families of the nations shall worship before you. 28 For kingship belongs to the Lord, and he rules over the nations. 29 All the prosperous of the earth eat and worship; before him shall bow all who go down to the dust, even the one who could not keep himself alive. 30 Posterity shall serve him; it shall be told of the Lord to the coming generation; 31 they shall come and proclaim his righteousness to a people yet unborn, that he has done it.”
But even before Mark’s letter was a creed which was sung by Christians, soon after Jesus’s crucifixion and bodily resurrection. Paul knew of this creed. He later penned this creed of the early church into his first letter to the church in Corinth (mid-50’s AD), a decade before his martyrdom by Nero (AD 64).
“For I delivered to you as of first importance what I also received: that Christ died for our sins in accordance with the Scriptures, 4 that he was buried, that he was raised on the third day in accordance with the Scriptures, 5 and that he appeared to Cephas, then to the twelve. 6 Then he appeared to more than five hundred brothers at one time, most of whom are still alive, though some have fallen asleep. 7 Then he appeared to James, then to all the apostles. 8 Last of all, as to one untimely born, he appeared also to me.” (1 Corinthians 15:3-8)
Even atheist New Testament scholars agree that this creed was remarkably early! Friends, this was nearly 300 years before the Council of Nicaea. [5]
“Gerd Lüdemann: An atheistic NT professor at Göttingen, Lüdemann dates the elements in the tradition to the first two years after the crucifixion of Jesus, as mentioned in various sources. You can find his arguments in The Resurrection of Jesus: History, Experience, Theology (Fortress, 1994)’ [6]
What does this teachable song (creed) communicate?
✔️Jesus of Nazareth was a real man (Jewish). ✔️Jesus died for our sins. ✔️Jesus’s life, death, and bodily resurrection were promised in the Hebrew Scriptures (Old Testament). ✔️Jesus appeared bodily to Peter, James, the Disciples, and 500+ people (at one time). These were eyewitnesses available for fact-checking. ✔️This creed was proclaimed, sung, & written down very early — within months of Jesus’s bodily resurrection in either AD 30 or 33. It existed before Paul’s conversion.
Plentiful
Not only are the New Testament documents early, but they are also plentiful!! Per Andreas Köstenberger and Michael Kruger in their book TheHeresy of Orthodoxy, “By contrast, the New Testament manuscripts stand out as entirely unique in this regard. Although the exact count is always changing, currently we possess over 5,500 manuscripts (in whole or in part) of the New Testament in Greek alone. No other document of antiquity even comes close. Moreover, we possess thousands more manuscripts in other languages” (pgs 207-208). As Dr. Daniel Wallace often recounts, “We have an embarrassment of riches” when it comes to the number of copies we’ve been given!
Having numerous copies affords us the ability to compare and contrast the documents with one another. With thousands of copies at hand, we are thereby able to locate spelling differences as well as scrutinize whether doctrinal changes have been made. And while textual critics have identified more than 400,000 differences among the 5,500 Greek manuscripts, 99% of these differences (“variants”) were attributed to spelling differences. The conclusion: no significant doctrinal differences exist! This is preservation!!
Regarding preservation versus corruption, someone (monk, scribe, etc) would have had to change hundreds of copies of manuscripts in Greek, Coptic, Latin, and other languages, all the while keeping it all secret. This is implausible.
Consistent
So far, we have pointed out the early nature of the New Testament documents and the abundance of copies available to us today (by the sovereignty of God). Due to the plentiful nature of the manuscripts, we can compare and contrast them with academic scrutiny for any doctrinal changes. We can then conclude that the message we have today is consistent with the earliest manuscripts, pointing to the preservation of the Gospels.
“New Testament textual transmission didn’t happen in a single line of succession but rather in multiple streams, with many people making many copies, creating a wealth of manuscript data.” Wes Huff (source)
The reality is that our current Bibles are constructed (except for the New World Translation and the Passion Translation) from the earliest copies of both the Old and New Testament documents (not from the most recent). With this in view, how then do we address the TikTok apologists who fervently and confidently look to the Council of Nicaea to discredit the Bible’s authority and preservation?
The Council of Nicaea
Is it historically accurate to assert that a fourth-century church council was responsible for creating the biblical canon? Let’s take a look an objective look at history and assess this popular claim!
“There is no historical basis for the idea that Nicaea established the canon and created the Bible.” Dr. John M. Meade (source)
When looking into the reliability of ancient documents, Wes Huff has become a trusted resource! In his article, What Happened at the Council of Nicaea, Huff explains, “One of the main characters in the Da Vinci Code, Leigh Teabing, states at one point that, “Constantine commissioned and financed a new Bible, which omitted those gospels that spoke of Christ’s human traits and embellished those gospels that made him godlike” (Brown, 325). These sorts of ideas didn’t start with Dan Brown; the story in one form or another has been floating around for decades and even centuries before any such works of popular fiction.” [8]
Infographic made by Wes Huff
John M. Meade, the director of the Text and Canon Institute, speaks to the “works of popular fiction” as mentioned by Wes Huff: “Voltaire earlier mentions that Constantine convened the council. At Nicaea, then, the fathers distinguished the canonical from the apocryphal books by prayer and a miracle. The publication of Pappus’s 1601 edition of Synodicon Vetus—and the subsequent citing of the miracle at Nicaea, especially by Voltaire in his Dictionary—appears to be the reason Dan Brown could narrate the events so colorfully and why many others continue to perpetuate this legend.” [9]
So what exactly happened at the Council of Nicaea in AD 325?
Per ancient documents specialist Wes Huff, “The first Council of Nicaea, which took place between May and August in 325 AD in what is now İznik, Turkey, was an ecumenical council called to deal with a specific theological problem. Its purpose was to sort out the Arian Controversy – a Trinitarian heresy being promoted by a presbyter in North Africa named Arius, teaching not only that the Son of God was eternally subordinate to the Father, but that the Son was not everlasting but created by God the Father at a specific point in time. Arius, in his letter to Alexandria, wrote that: “The Son, being begotten apart from time by the Father, and being created and founded before ages, did not exist before his generation… the Son is not eternal or co-equal or co-unoriginate with the Father” (Letter to Alexandria 4:458). [8]
Neither the Roman Emperor Constantine nor the bishops present at the Council of Nicaea created the biblical canon we have today. Instead, the bishops simply acknowledged the biblical canon, utilizing those books already recognized as authoritative as their standard (canon) for determining what Jesus taught about his identity (divinity).
Christian apologist and author Michael Kruger puts it this way, “The bottom line is that the earliest Christians didn’t really have to ‘choose’ the four gospels from among all the others. Rather the four canonical gospels were simply the ones that had been there from the very beginning. The early church didn’t pick the gospels, but inherited them.” [12] Oh, and the council also discussed the date of Easter. But there is no mention of these men creating the concept of the Trinity, the divinity of Jesus, or the canon of Scriptures.
🚨Something to consider: If Allah revealed His Word (Quran) to Muhammad between AD 610 and AD 632, as Muslims purport, then he should have known about the Council of Nicaea, because it took place three hundred years prior. Therefore, if he had known of any corruption, he would not have encouraged Muhammad to seek out the “previous Scriptures” for wisdom. Again, something to chew upon.
9 minutes
Christian Attestation (1st and 2nd centuries) Prior to Nicaea
Christian apologist Tim Barnett explains that “Many people think Emperor Constantine invented the deity of Christ in the fourth century, but a look at quotes from the early church fathers shows this is an egregious misrepresentation of the facts. In my mentoring letter this month, I offered a short list of quotations to demonstrate that the early church believed Jesus is God. Now I’d like to make the argument even stronger by offering thirty-six quotations from nine different early church fathers. All of these quotations predate the Council of Nicea.” [10]
Here are 3 quotes from Barnett’s article:
“Polycarp (AD 69-155) was the bishop at the church in Smyrna. Irenaeus tells us Polycarp was a disciple of John the Apostle. In his Letter to the Philippians he says,
‘Now may the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, and the eternal high priest himself, the Son of God Jesus Christ, build you up in faith and truth…and to us with you, and to all those under heaven who will yet believe in our Lord and God Jesus Christ and in his Father who raised him from the dead.’”1
“Justin Martyr (AD 100-165) was an Christian apologist of the second century.
‘And that Christ being Lord, and God the Son of God, and appearing formerly in power as Man, and Angel, and in the glory of fire as at the bush, so also was manifested at the judgment executed on Sodom, has been demonstrated fully by what has been said.’”
“Irenaeus of Lyons (AD 130-202) was bishop of Lugdunum in Gaul, which is now Lyons, France. Irenaeus was born in Smyrna in Asia Minor, where he studied under bishop Polycarp, who in turn had been a disciple of John the Apostle.
‘For I have shown from the Scriptures, that no one of the sons of Adam is as to everything, and absolutely, called God, or named Lord. But that He is Himself in His own right, beyond all men who ever lived, God, and Lord, and King Eternal, and the Incarnate Word, proclaimed by all the prophets, the apostles, and by the Spirit Himself, may be seen by all who have attained to even a small portion of the truth. Now, the Scriptures would not have testified these things of Him, if, like others, He had been a mere man…. He is the holy Lord, the Wonderful, the Counselor, the Beautiful in appearance, and the Mighty God, coming on the clouds as the Judge of all men;—all these things did the Scriptures prophesy of Him.’”
As these quotes vividly demonstrate, two hundred years before the Council of Nicaea, Jesus was worshipped as God. What is equally critical to acknowledge is that these men quoted the New Testament Scriptures in their writings (again, well before the Council of Nicaea)! For example, Polycarp, who was a disciple of John, quoted 17 of the 27 NT letters in his cover letter to the Philippian church! These men knew that God’s inspired word was given by God through men to men, relayed through eyewitness accounts, not speculations and myths.
“We ourselves heard this very voice borne from heaven, for we were with him on the holy mountain. 19 And we have the prophetic word more fully confirmed, to which you will do well to pay attention as to a lamp shining in a dark place, until the day dawns and the morning star rises in your hearts, 20 knowing this first of all, that no prophecy of Scripture comes from someone’s own interpretation. 21 For no prophecy was ever produced by the will of man, but men spoke from God as they were carried along by the Holy Spirit.” (2 Peter 1:18-21)
Why are the Gnostic Gospels excluded?
Why weren’t the Gnostic gospels grafted into the biblical canon? The reasons for this are rational: 1) The Gnostic gospels were written inthe 2nd century, well after the eyewitnesses were gone (no one to fact-check their stories), and 2) the content of these books did not match the teachings of Jesus (as documented by his Disciples/eyewitnesses).
Michael Kruger holds no punches in describing Gnosticism as “a heretical version of Christianity.” [11] The Gnostic gospels promulgated a flawed and warped spin of Christianity, which counters biblical Christianity on fundamental matters: Jesus’s divinity, Jesus’s incarnation, and Jesus’s resurrection. Wes Huff elaborates:
“Historical Christianity pretty clearly states that salvation is something outside of you that’s imparted to you by the finished work of Christ on the cross, but in Gnosticism, salvation is something that’s inside of you, and you realize it by understanding and knowing the secret knowledge that not only is Jesus divine, but you’re divine, and you can unlock that divinity.
So, a lot of the Gnostic gospels are nonsensical, and nonsensical on purpose. And they’re nonsensical on purpose because the idea is, if you understand them, then it’s because you understand the secret knowledge. If you don’t understand them, it’s because you don’t understand the secret knowledge. Sometimes you’ll read through these, and you’ll think, ‘What on earth is being talked about?’ That’s almost on purpose because they’re not meant to be understood. They’re not meant to be clear.
Let me just look at a section from the Gospel of Mary Magdalene for you to illustrate this.
‘The first is darkness. The second, desire. Then, ignorance, fear of death, power of the flesh, foolish reason, and self-righteous materialism. These are the powers of anger and doubt. And ask, ‘From where did you come, killer of men? Where are you heading, slayer of space?’ My soul replied, ‘What bound me is dead. That enveloped me has been vanquished. My desires are over, and ignorance is no more. In this life, I was freed from the world and the chains of forgetfulness. From now on, I will rest in the eternal now, for this age, this Aeon, and its stillness.’ Mary fell silent, for this was the truth Jesus had revealed.’” [13]
17 minutes
3 minutes with Wes Huff
75 minutes with Dr. David Wood
So why were the Gnostic Gospels excluded from the biblical canon (well before the Council of Nicaea)? I’ll humbly allow F.F. Bruce to answer this: “The Gnostic schools lost because they deserved to lose” (Canon of Scripture, 277) [11] Mic drop.
In conclusion, the New Testament Scriptures were written early, their paper trail is abundant, and their preservation is verified historically! By God’s sovereign design, we have God’s authoritative words to humanity, preserved and kept for us. Friends, you can trust them!
The grass withers, the flower fades, but the word of our God will stand forever.” (Isaiah 40:8)
Additional Resouces
Essentials of Christianity
35 minutes with Dr. Kevin Lewis
60 minutes
What Christians Should Know about Islam
52 minutes
Jesus is God
“The truth is, the witness of the New Testament, with regard to Jesus as the object of faith, is an absolutely unitary witness. The thing is rooted far too deep in the records of primitive Christianity ever to be removed by any critical process. The Jesus spoken of in the New Testament was no mere teacher of righteousness, no mere pioneer in a new type of religious life, but One who was regarded, and regarded Himself, as the Saviour whom men could trust.”
J. Gresham Machen; Christianity & Liberalism, p. 73.
“Relating to Jesus as God is also crucial to the message we take to the rest of the world. We must know whom we represent if we are to represent him faithfully. Our Christian walk, witness, and worship all must reflect a sound understanding of the identity of our Lord Jesus Christ.”
2 minutes with Wes Huff (Flagrant Podcast Interview)
28 minutes with GodLogic.
Jesus Outside of the Bible
And even if someone were to ignore the eyewitness accounts recorded within the New Testament, regarding Jesus and the early church, there would still exist a “robust description of Jesus and his followers from ancient, non-Christian voices (ninety-two historical figures).” Jesus was a real man who claimed to be God through his forgiving of sins, his accepting worship, and fulfillment of prophecy (hundreds of Old Testament prophecies). [5]
Jesus, a Jew (monotheistic), accepted worship. Jesus received worship because he was and is more than a mere model of faith — He was and is the author and object of our faith!
✔️Claimed pre-existence before Abraham (John 8),
✔️Claimed the authority to forgive sin (Mark 2),
✔️Claimed that His words were/are equally authoritative as the Ten Commandments (Matthew 19:16-22),
✔️Displayed authority over the weather (Mark 4),
✔️Claimed to be the divine Son of Man prophesied by Daniel (Mark 14).
A Sample of Early Eyewitness Documentation:
“Then Jesus said to him, ‘Be gone, Satan! For it is written, “You shall worship the Lord your God and him only shall you serve.” Matthew 4:10 (~AD 30-33) 📕
“And they worshiped him and returned to Jerusalem with great joy,” Luke 24:52📕
“Thomas answered him, ‘My Lord and my God!’” John 20:28📕
A Sample of Early Christian (extra-biblical) Attestation:
“Now may the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, and the eternal high priest himself, the Son of God Jesus Christ, build you up in faith and truth…and to us with you, and to all those under heaven who will yet believe in our Lord and God Jesus Christ and in his Father who raised him from the dead.” — Polycarp, disciple of John (AD 69-155). [1]
“For our God, Jesus the Christ, was conceived by Mary according to God’s plan, both from the seed of David and of the Holy Spirit.” — Ignatius, disciple of John (AD 50-117) [1]
A Sample of Early Non-Christian Attestation:
“The Christians, you know, worship a man to this day,–the distinguished personage who introduced their novel rites, and was crucified on that account…” — Lucian of Samosata, Greek satirist (AD 166). [2]
Logical Conclusion:
“A man who was merely a man and said the sort of things Jesus said would not be a great moral teacher. He would either be a lunatic — on the level with the man who says he is a poached egg — or else he would be the Devil of Hell. You must make your choice. Either this man was, and is, the Son of God, or else a madman or something worse. You can shut him up for a fool, you can spit at him and kill him as a demon or you can fall at his feet and call him Lord and God, but let us not come with any patronizing nonsense about his being a great human teacher. He has not left that open to us. He did not intend to.” — C.S. Lewis [3]
“The Bible is a reliable collection of historical documents, written by eyewitnesses, during the time of other eyewitnesses,”
“That which was from the beginning, which we have heard, which we have seen with our eyes, which we looked upon and have touched with our hands, concerning the word of life— 2 the life was made manifest, and we have seen it, and testify to it and proclaim to you the eternal life, which was with the Father and was made manifest to us— 3 that which we have seen and heard we proclaim also to you, so that you too may have fellowship with us; and indeed our fellowship is with the Father and with his Son Jesus Christ. 4 And we are writing these things so that our joy may be complete.” 1 John 1:1-4
“Many have undertaken to compile a narrative of the things that have been accomplished among us, 2 just as those who from the beginning were eyewitnesses and ministers of the word have delivered them to us, 3 it seemed good to me also, having followed all things closely for some time past, to write an orderly account for you, most excellent Theophilus, 4 that you may have certainty concerning the things you have been taught.” Luke 1:1-4
“For I delivered to you as of first importance what I also received: that Christ died for our sins in accordance with the Scriptures, 4 that he was buried, that he was raised on the third day in accordance with the Scriptures, 5 and that he appeared to Cephas, then to the twelve. 6 Then he appeared to more than five hundred brothers at one time, most of whom are still alive, though some have fallen asleep. 7 Then he appeared to James, then to all the apostles. 8 Last of all, as to one untimely born, he appeared also to me.” 1 Corinthians 15:3-8
“…who report supernatural events that took place in fulfillment of specific prophecies.”
“Every day I was with you in the temple teaching, and you did not seize Me; but this has taken place to fulfill the Scriptures.” Mark 14:49
“Brethren, the Scripture had to be fulfilled, which the Holy Spirit foretold by the mouth of David concerning Judas, who became a guide to those who arrested Jesus.” Acts 1:16
“Now He said to them, ‘These are My words which I spoke to you while I was still with you, that all things which are written about Me in the Law of Moses and the Prophets and the Psalms must be fulfilled.’” Luke 24:44
“…and claim their writings are divine, rather than human in origin.”
“Every day I was with you in the temple teaching, and you did not seize Me; but this has taken place to fulfill the Scriptures.” Mark 14:49
“Knowing this first of all, that no prophecy of Scripture comes from someone’s own interpretation. For no prophecy was ever produced by the will of man, but men spoke from God as they were carried along by the Holy Spirit.” 2 Peter 1:20-21
“All Scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for training in righteousness,” 2 Timothy 3:16
The 3-minute video provided here shows Wes Huff describing the Trinity (Father, Son, and Holy Spirit) for Andrew Schulz and Akaash Singh of the Flagrant Podcast. Wes clearly demonstrates that the Trinitarian view of God was not only early (historically) but also biblical.
“In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. He was in the beginning with God. All things were made through him, and without him was not any thing made that was made…And the Word became flesh and dwelt among us, and we have seen his glory, glory as of the only Son from the Father, full of grace and truth.” John 1:1-3,14 📕
Jesus’s Claims to be God (the Son)
“I am trying here to prevent anyone saying the really foolish thing that people often say about Him (Jesus): ‘I’m ready to accept Jesus as a great moral teacher, but I don’t accept his claim to be God’. That is the one thing we must not say. A man who was merely a man and said the sort of things Jesus said would not be a great moral teacher. He would either be a lunatic — on the level with the man who says he is a poached egg — or else he would be the Devil of Hell. You must make your choice. Either this man was, and is, the Son of God, or else a madman or something worse. You can shut him up for a fool, you can spit at him and kill him as a demon or you can fall at his feet and call him Lord and God, but let us not come with any patronizing nonsense about his being a great human teacher. He has not left that open to us. He did not intend to.” – C.S. Lewis (Mere Christianity)“Relating to Jesus as to God is important for every aspect of the Christian life. We hope it is obvious that understanding Jesus’ deity is extremely relevant to how we relate to Jesus. Knowing that he is God incarnate is the only sound foundation for approaching Jesus, for coming to him in prayer, and for trusting in him for salvation. Relating to Jesus as God is also crucial to the message we take to the rest of the world. We must know whom we represent if we are to represent him faithfully. Our Christian walk, witness, and worship must all reflect a sound understanding of the identity of our Lord Jesus Christ.” – Dr. Robert M. Bowman
The Scriptures referenced in the chart below are examples (not an exhaustive list).
“H.A.N.D.S.” Drs Robert M. Bowman & Ed Komoszewski
Attributes “Those attributes that God does not and cannot share with creatures, such as being all-knowing, all-powerful, and eternal. To say that Jesus is exactly, perfectly like God is to say that He possesses both the communicable and incommunicable attributes of God ” (p. 74).
D.A. Carson succinctly exegetes “the firstborn of all creation” from Colossians 1:15-16 for Lee Strobel:
“The vast majority of commentators, whether conservative or liberal, recognize that in the Old Testament the firstborn, because of the laws of succession, normally received the lion’s share of the estate, or the firstborn would become king in the case of a royal family. The firstborn therefore was the one ultimately with all the rights of the father.
By the second century before Christ, there are places where the word no longer has any notion of actual begetting or of being born first but carries the idea of the authority that comes with the position of being the rightful heir. That’s the way it applies to Jesus, as virtually all scholars admit. In light of that, the very expression ‘firstborn’ is slightly misleading. I think supreme heir would be more appropriate.”
Carson continues…
“If you’re going to quote Colossians 1:15, you have to keep it in context by going on to Colossians 2:9, where the very same author stresses, ‘For in Christ all the fullness of the Deity lives in bodily form’? The author wouldn’t contradict himself. So the term firstborn cannot exclude Jesus’ eternality. Since that is part of what it means to possess the fullness of the divine.” [1]
Seminary Professor and author Dr. Robert M. Bowman provides additional input:
“According to the New Testament, then, Jesus Christ existed not only before his human life but also before creation, because all things were made through and for him. This means that the preincarnate Christ — whether we call him the Logos or the Son — was on the Creator side of the line between Creator and creation.” [2]
To summarize…
Jesus, having prexisted as God (same substance as the Father), put on a fully human nature to save us. He not only fulfilled God’s Law perfectly, but He was the first and only sinless person able to pay humanity’s debt (upon the cross in AD 30 or 33). He is also the first and only (first born) human able to make a way back to God through His bodily resurrection (1 Cor 15).
The Creator of our skin, was willing to put on our skin. The Judge of our souls, was willing to be judged on our behalf. All for the sake of reconciling us back to Himself. Only God could do this for us. Think upon these things (Is 53; 1 John 4).
D.A. Carson, Lee Strobel’s The Case for Christmas; pp. 68-69.
Robert M. Bowman and Ed Komoszewski, The Incarnate Christ and His Critics: A Biblical Defense; p. 267.
Friends, my husband and I have the wonderful opportunity to teach an “Apologetics 101” to middle schools students this month, and therefore I am creating games via Wordwall and Kahoot for their families to play together at home.
Please feel free to use these as well as to share!
You see, when Jesus told his disciples, “unless you turn and become like children, you will never enter the kingdom of heaven,” he wasn’t promoting blind faith, nor was he suggesting they follow mindlessly.
Instead, Jesus was instructing his disciples to come to Him with humility. “Whoever humbles himself like this child is the greatest in the kingdom of heaven (Matthew 18).” Children are born with the awareness that the design they witness all around them implies a transcendent, personal, and wise designer.
“Olivera Petrovich, an Oxford University psychologist, surveyed several international studies of children aged four to seven and found that the belief in God as a ‘creator’ is ‘hardwired’ in children and that ‘atheism is definitely an acquired position.’” [1]
When we say “no” to prideful apathy, we are often able to thoughtfully examine the the abundance of evidence God has placed all around us — evidence demonstrating God’s existence. Humbly, we can come to the reasonable conclusion that a personal and transcendent Creator designed this universe (and everything in it).
The finely-tuned laws of physics, the irreducible complexity of our cells, the beauty of a rose, and the purposeful waggle dance of the honeybee are all examples of God’s wisdom, power, and goodness!
When we think upon the fundamental concept that design implies a *transcendent* designer, we are faced with the reality that we do not belong to ourselves (Psalm 24; Romans 1:20). This humility should turn our hearts upward, not inward.
Written approximately 700 years before Jesus was born in Bethlehem (~4BC), Isaiah prophesied of the promised Messiah, God incarnate.
‘Unto us a child is born, unto us a Son is given.’ As Jesus Christ is a child in his human nature, he is born, begotten of the Holy Spirit, born of the Virgin Mary. He is as truly-born, as certainly a child, as any other man that ever lived upon the face of the earth. He is thus in his humanity a child born. But as Jesus Christ is God’s Son, he is not born; but given, begotten of his Father from before all worlds, begotten— not made, being of the same substance with the Father.
And while God had visited men numerous times before in redemptive history, the incarnation was ‘the most wonderful visit of all…when He came to tarry here…to work out our salvation.’”
-Charles Haddon Spurgeon December 25, 1859; Scripture: Isaiah 9:6
Numerous scholars of historical documents view Philippians 2 as containing a hymn which was sung by Christians several years before it was recorded by Paul (to the Church in Philippi ~AD 62). What stands-out is the very early acknowledgement that Jesus was both Messiah and God.
Notable points to recognize:
✔️ God’s love for humanity. ✔️ Jesus is eternally God (preexisting as God the Son). ✔️ Jesus’s incarnation— remaining God, He put on a human nature: fully God and fully human. ✔️ Jesus’s crucifixion (AD 30 or 33). ✔️ Jesus accomplished the mission set forth by the Triune God from eternity past. ✔️ The Lordship of Jesus will be recognized by all, even by those who reject Him.
The song documented by Paul in Philippians 2 is not meant to be read in December only, but is a reality we should recall, recite, and rejoice-over, every day!
“He suffered as God because only God had the power to save; He suffered as man because only man owed the debt.”
– Michael Horton
Friends, God came down! Let that sink-in!
The uncreated Creator of the universe (Colossians 1), came down to us in the most humble of ways! While remaining fully God, He clothed himself with a human nature — because we needed God’s help. God’s love was on vivid display in this humble and merciful act (Philippians 2).
God (Father, Son, and Holy Spirit) had a plan to save us from ourselves in order to restore us back into relationship with our Holy Creator and King. And He faithfully fulfilled that plan and promise (Genesis 3:15).
The cross and empty tomb are reminders of the real, historically verifiable hope God provides in the midst of our trials — not because of we are enough (bc we aren’t), but because Jesus’s work on our behalf was, and will always be, more than enough.
Two years ago, I was watching an interview on YouTube featuring respected author and celebrated Christian apologist Nancy Pearcey discussing the importance of recognizing counterfeit gospels. During this 50-minute dialogue, the interviewer shared an analogy which had impacted her:
[When Banks want to train their employees how to recognize counterfeit bills], they never let them study counterfeit money, because you can’t go out there and study every single piece of counterfeit money and figure out what makes a counterfeit. They only ever let the bank tellers work with real money and have them work with it day in day out. Feel it, smell it, and hold it up to the light so that they’re so familiar with the real money. That if a counterfeit piece ever shows up, they know it immediately. [Therefore], when you focus on the truth, and you focus on God’s word, you don’t have to know all the details of everything else that’s wrong out there in the world [1]
At first glance (or listen), this sounds very reasonable! We should know the Scriptures well! We should follow Charles Spurgeon’s advice: “Visit many good books but live in the Bible.” As Christians, we should study God’s Word often! Jesus contended that we need the Scriptures more than anything else! “It is written: Man must not live on bread alone but on every word that comes from the mouth of God.” (Matthew 4:4).
Therefore, given that we need to be lifelong students of God’s Word, reading the Scriptures often, why then does the Bank Analogy fall short? Or go bankrupt, shall we say? Nancy Pearcey’s response to the interviewer extends some needed wisdom:
“I’ve heard that metaphor a lot, but I used to be a bank teller and it’s not true. [We were taught how to identify counterfeits]. [1]
Pearcey continues…
“I actually don’t agree with that. Because I think you have to know something about the worldviews [of others]. Christians can’t just live in their own little bubble if they really want to talk to non-Christians, they have to know something about how they think.” [1}
What professor Pearcey is sharing here is incredibly compelling!
If we avoid learning about other worldviews, we are choosing to remain in “our own little bubble.” But if we earnestly want to share the Good News of the Gospel, we need to be aware that non-Christians (and even numerous professing Christians) also claim to own the correct currency on Truth.
To use the Bank Analogy further, every single major worldview has their own dollar bill. And these dollar bills are thought to be THE dollar bill. The doctrine which provides the look and feel of the bill comes from a sacred text associated with that worldview (Bible, Quran, Book of Mormon, Richard Rohr’s Universal Christ, Darwin’s Origin of Species, etc.) Therefore, if we do not slow down and define what makes their dollar bill THE dollar bill, we could be misunderstanding what they find to be essential. Defining terminology is therefore very important!! If we do not seek to understand what he or she means when referring to God, Jesus, and Salvation, we could be accepting or permitting the deposit of counterfeit theology without knowing it.
For example, per the CARM apologetics webpage, the Church of Latter-Day Saints define “God” as “One of the countless gods in existence. An exalted man from another world who created the earth whose name is ‘Elohim.’ He became a god by following the laws and ordinances of his god on the other world. He has a body of flesh and bones, D&C 130: 22-23).” [2]
This shows us that the LDS worldview is a polytheistic worldview (there are many Gods in Mormonism). A biblical worldview, however, instructs that there is only one God. Christianity is, therefore, monotheistic. This is an essential component to our dollar bill! There were and are no other Gods before Him nor besides Him (Deuteronomy 6:4; Isaiah 46:9; Ephesians 4:6). [3] God is the uncreated Creator of time and space, infinite and noncontingent (necessary). Humanity is created, finite, and contingent. The LDS and Christian worldviews differ dramatically when the terms are defined.
Having numerous respectful dialogues with co-workers, family members, and neighbors not only demonstrates that we love and care for them, but it also provides us with the opportunity to learn from them! Being available to listen to others share about their worldview/religion, helps us learn more about how they answer the major worldview questions (how we got here, why are we broken, how can we be fixed, etc.). Again, we should prioritize these moments!
Every heart needs to know how bankrupt we truly are because of sin. Minds need to grapple with the reality that God came down to live the sinless, righteous life we are unable to live, adding his own credit to our account after paying for our debt with his blood.
“God made him who had no sin to be sin for us, so that in him we might become the righteousness of God.” 2 Corinthians 5:21
Friends, studying the essential beliefs of other worldviews might seem overwhelming, but the hearts we encounter daily are worth that time. And you need not fear learning about other worldviews (that you might go astray)! As long as you are earnestly pursuing truth, you will find yourself on solid ground with Christianity (1 Corinthians 15). Yes, Christians, know God’s Word! And, be aware of the Counterfeits.
Hold Fast Apologetics 